Прописать порт в EXPOSE

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gitlab.dvmn.org/…/Dockerfile

FROM python:3.12.1
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED 1
ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE 1
COPY ./requirements.txt  /usr/src/app/requirements.txt
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /usr/src/app/requirements.txt
COPY . /usr/src/app
CMD ["uvicorn", "http_mock:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "5000"]

Порт 5000 не указан в EXPOSE.